Introduction Following the immensely successful first-generation Cyclone® device family, Altera® Cyclone II FPGAs extend the low-cost FPGA density range to 68,416 logic elements (LEs) and provide up to 622 usable I/O pins and up to 1.1 Mbits of embedded memory. Cyclone II FPGAs are manufactured on 300-mm wafers using TSMCs 90-nm low-k dielectric process to ensure rapid availability and low cost. Features ¡El Cyclone II device family offers the following features: ■ High-density architecture with 4,608 to 68,416 LEs ● M4K embedded memory blocks ● Up to 1.1 Mbits of RAM available without reducing available logic ● 4,096 memory bits per block (4,608 bits per block including 512 parity bits) ● Variable port configurations of ×1, ×2, ×4, ×8, ×9, ×16, ×18, ×32, and ×36 ● True dual-port (one read and one write, two reads, or two writes) operation for ×1, ×2, ×4, ×8, ×9, ×16, and ×18 modes ● Byte enables for data input masking during writes ● Up to 260-MHz operation ■ Embedded multipliers ● Up to 150 18- × 18-bit multipliers are each configurable as two independent 9- × 9-bit multipliers with up to 250-MHz performance ● Optional input and output registers ■ Advanced I/O support ● High-speed differential I/O standard support, including LVDS, RSDS, mini-LVDS, LVPECL, differential HSTL, and differential SSTL ● Single-ended I/O standard support, including 2.5-V and 1.8-V, SSTL class I and II, 1.8-V and 1.5-V HSTL class I and II, 3.3-V PCI and PCI-X 1.0, 3.3-, 2.5-, 1.8-, and 1.5-V LVCMOS, and 3.3-, 2.5-, and 1.8-V LVTTL ● Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group (PCI SIG) PCI Local Bus Specification, Revision 3.0 compliance for 3.3-V operation at 33 or 66 MHz for 32- or 64-bit interfaces ● PCI Express with an external TI PHY and an Altera PCI Express ×1 Megacore® function ● 133-MHz PCI-X 1.0 specification compatibility ● High-speed external memory support, including DDR, DDR2, and SDR SDRAM, and QDRII SRAM supported by drop in Altera IP MegaCore functions for ease of use ● Three dedicated registers per I/O element (IOE): one input register, one output register, and one output-enable register ● Programmable bus-hold feature ● Programmable output drive strength feature ● Programmable delays from the pin to the IOE or logic array ● I/O bank grouping for unique VCCIO and/or VREF bank settings ● MultiVolt™ I/O standard support for 1.5-, 1.8-, 2.5-, and 3.3-interfaces ● Hot-socketing operation support ● Tri-state with weak pull-up on I/O pins before and during configuration ● Programmable open-drain outputs ● Series on-chip termination support